Bincika Tushen Da Ci gaban Aikin Tagulla A Tsawon Al'adu Daban-daban Da Tsawon Lokaci

Gabatarwa

Hoton tagulla wani nau'i ne na sassaka wanda ke amfani da tagulla a matsayin kayan farko. Tagulla wani abu ne na jan karfe da kwano, kuma an san shi da ƙarfi, karko, da rashin ƙarfi. Wadannan kaddarorin sun sa ya zama kayan aiki mai kyau don sassaka, saboda ana iya jefa shi cikin sifofi masu rikitarwa sannan kuma a gama shi da cikakken bayani.

Tarihin sculpture na tagulla ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Bronze Age, wanda ya fara kusan 3300 BC. An yi sculpture na tagulla na farko a China kuma ana amfani da su don al'ada da kayan ado. Ba da daɗewa ba sassaken tagulla ya bazu zuwa wasu sassa na duniya, ciki har da Masar, Girka, da Roma

(Dokin Tagulla mai ƙarfi na Olympia Girka: Farkon karni na 5 BC)

A cikin duniyar gargajiya, sassaken tagulla ya sami daraja sosai don kyawunsa da nagarta ta fasaha. Yawancin shahararrun sassa na wannan zamani, irin su Winged Victory na Samotrace da Discoblus, an yi su da tagulla.

Hoton tagulla ya ci gaba da zama sananne a tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance. A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da tagulla don ƙirƙirar sassaka na addini da na zamani. A cikin karni na 19, zane-zanen tagulla ya sami farfadowa, yayin da masu fasaha irin su Auguste Rodin da Edgar Degas suka fara gwaji tare da sababbin dabaru da salo.

A yau, sassaken tagulla har yanzu sanannen wuri ne ga masu fasaha. Ana amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar manyan abubuwan tarihi na jama'a da ƙananan ayyukan fasaha don masu tattara masu zaman kansu. Hoton tagulla wani nau'i ne na fasaha mai jurewa kuma mai dorewa wanda mutane ke jin daɗinsu shekaru aru-aru.

Misalan Hotunan Tagulla a tarihi sun haɗa da:

• DAVID (DONATELLO)

(Bronze David, Donatello)

David wani sassaka ne na tagulla na dan Italiyanci Donatello. An ƙirƙira shi tsakanin 1440 zuwa 1460 kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan mahimman ayyukan sassaka na Renaissance. A halin yanzu ana baje kolin mutum-mutumin a dakin taro na Accademia dake birnin Florence na kasar Italiya.

Dauda mutum ne mai girman rai na gwarzo na Littafi Mai-Tsarki Dauda, ​​wanda ya ci katon Goliath da harbin majajjawa. Mutum-mutumin an yi shi da tagulla kuma tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 1.70. An kwatanta Dauda sa’ad da yake matashi, yana da jiki mai tsoka da gaba gaɗi. Shi tsirara ne sai hula da takalmi. Mutum-mutumin ya yi fice saboda haƙiƙanin hotonsa na jikin ɗan adam da kuma yin amfani da abin da ake kira contrapposto, wani matsayi wanda nauyin jikin mutum ya canza zuwa kwatangwalo ɗaya, yana haifar da motsin motsi da kuzari.

Da farko dangin Medici ne suka ba da umarni David, waɗanda suka yi mulkin Florence a lokacin. Asalin mutum-mutumin an sanya shi a farfajiyar Palazzo Vecchio, amma an mayar da shi zuwa Academia Gallery a 1873 don kare shi daga abubuwan da ke faruwa.

An dauki David daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan sassaka na Renaissance. Gwaninta ce ta gaskiya da fasaha, kuma alama ce mai ƙarfi ta ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da nasara.

Dauda yana samuwamutum-mutumin tagulla na siyarwaƙera ta da yawa mashahuran sculptors da masana'antun a yau. Mafi kyawun su shineA Artisan Studio, Tuntube su idan kuna sha'awar kwafin wannan sanannen mutum-mutumi

Dauda wani sassaka ne mai kyau kuma mai kyan gani. Idan kana neman ababban mutum-mutumi na tagullawanda zai kara daɗaɗawa ga gidanku ko ofis ɗinku, to mutum-mutumin Dauda babban zaɓi ne.

• MAI TUNANI

(Mai tunani)

Mai tunani shine ababban sassaken tagullaby Auguste Rodin, yawanci sanya a kan dutse dutse. Aikin yana nuna wani namiji tsirara mai girman jarumta yana zaune akan dutse. Ana ganinsa yana jingine, gwiwar hannunsa na dama ya dora akan cinyarsa ta hagu, yana rike da nauyin hakinsa a bayan hannun damansa. Matsayin yana ɗaya daga cikin zurfin tunani da tunani, kuma ana amfani da mutum-mutumin azaman hoto don wakiltar falsafa. Rodin ya ɗauki siffar a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa na Ƙofar Jahannama wanda aka ba da izini a cikin 1880, amma an yi farkon simintin tagulla na farko a cikin 1904 kuma yanzu an nuna shi a Musée Rodin, a Paris.

Misali na wannan sassaka, dangane da sauran ayyukan da Rodin ya yi, shi ne gwarzon dan wasan Faransa kuma dan kokawa Jean Baud, wanda galibi ya bayyana a gundumar ja-haske. An kuma nuna Jean Baud akan bayanin kula na Swiss 50 na 1911 na Hodler. Asalin yana cikin Musée Rodin a cikin Paris. Hoton yana da tsayin cm 72, an yi shi da tagulla, kuma an yi masa fenti da goge. Aikin yana nuna wani nau'in namiji tsirara mai girman jarumta wanda yake da taurin kai, tsokar jiki, kuma cikin jiki, yana tunanin ayyuka da makomar mutane yayin da suke zaune akan dutse.

The Thinker yana daya daga cikin shahararrun sassa a duniya. An sake buga shi ta nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, daga ƙananan siffofi zuwa manyan ayyukan jama'a. Har ila yau, yana daya daga cikin mafi sassakakkun mutum-mutumi na Tagulla da ake sayarwa. Mutum-mutumin alama ce mai ƙarfi ta tunani, tunani, da ƙirƙira. Tunatarwa ce cewa dukanmu muna iya yin manyan abubuwa idan muka ɗauki lokaci don tunani kawai.

Mai Tunani babban zaɓi ne na ababban mutum-mutumi na tagulladomin jama'a art. An shigar da shi a wuraren shakatawa, lambuna, da sauran wuraren jama'a a duk faɗin duniya. Mutum-mutumin abin tunatarwa ne cewa dukanmu muna iya yin manyan abubuwa idan muka ɗauki lokaci don tunani kawai.

• BAN CIGABA

The Charging Bull, wanda kuma aka sani da Bowling Green Bull ko Wall Street Bull, wani sassaken tagulla ne na Arturo Di Modica. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1989 kuma yana cikin Bowling Green, Manhattan, Birnin New York.

(The Charging Bull)

Hoton hoto alama ce ta kyakkyawan fata na kudi da wadata. Yana nuna bijimi, alamar kasuwar hannun jari, caji gaba. Bijimin yana da kusan ƙafa 11 (3.4 m) tsayi kuma yana yin awo 7,100 (kilogram 3,200). An yi shi da tagulla kuma an jefa shi a cikin hanyar da aka rasa-kakin zuma.

An fara sanya Bull Charging a gaban kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta New York a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1989, a matsayin kyauta mai ban mamaki ga birnin. Daga baya an koma Bowling Green, inda ya kasance tun lokacin. Hoton ya zama sanannen wurin yawon bude ido kuma galibi ana amfani da shi azaman tushen hotuna.

Bijimin Cajin wata alama ce mai ƙarfi ta ƙarfin kuɗi da juriya. Abin tunatarwa ne cewa ko da a cikin mawuyacin hali, tattalin arzikin Amurka zai ci gaba da wanzuwa.

Cajin Bijimin ya kasance batun cece-kuce. Wasu mutane sun soki wannan sassaken don yin jima'i da kuma inganta tashin hankali. Wasu kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sassaƙaƙe alama ce ta kwaɗayi da wuce gona da iri. Koyaya, Cajin Bull ya kasance sanannen alamar birnin New York da tattalin arzikin Amurka.

Ga waɗanda alamar alama da sha'awar The Charging Bull suka burge, mallakar mutum-mutumin tagulla na wannan zane-zane mai kyan gani babbar dama ce.A Artisan Studiotayimutum-mutumin tagulla na siyarwa, ƙyale masu sha'awa su kawo taɓawa da ƙarfin Wall Street a cikin wuraren nasu.

Zuba hannun jari a cikin mutum-mutumin tagulla na The Charging Bull yana bawa mutane damar rungumar ƙarfin alama da ƙudirin da yake wakilta yayin ƙara taɓar fasahar fasaha ga kewayen su. Ko an nuna shi a cikin gida, ofis, ko sarari na jama'a, wannan sassaken tagulla ya zama babban jigo mai jan hankali, mai ba da nasara da juriya ga duk wanda ya gan shi.

• MANNEKEN PIS

(Manneken Pis)

Manneken Pis alama ce ta 55.5 cm (inci 21.9) sassaken maɓuɓɓugan tagulla a tsakiyar Brussels, Belgium, wanda ke nuna nau'in mingens; wani yaro tsirara yana fitsari a cikin kwandon ruwa. Ko da yake an tabbatar da wanzuwarsa a farkon tsakiyar karni na 15, wani sculptor na Brabantine Jérôme Duquesnoy dattijo ne ya sake tsara shi kuma ya sanya shi a cikin 1618 ko 1619. Dutsen dutsen da ke cikin salon rocaille ya samo asali daga 1770.

Manneken Pis an yi sata akai-akai ko kuma an lalata shi a tsawon tarihinsa. An fara sace shi a shekara ta 1619, shekaru biyu kacal bayan shigar da shi. Bayan ‘yan kwanaki aka dawo da ita, kuma tun daga lokacin an sake sace ta sau 13. A shekarar 1965, wasu gungun dalibai ne suka yi garkuwa da wannan mutum-mutumin da suka bukaci a biya su kudin fansa na kudin kasar Belgium miliyan 1. An dawo da mutum-mutumin ba tare da wani lahani ba bayan 'yan kwanaki.

Manneken Pis sanannen wurin yawon bude ido ne kuma an nuna shi a cikin fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa. Hakanan sanannen abin tunawa ne, kuma akwai kwafi da yawa namutum-mutumin tagulla na siyarwa.

Manneken Pis alama ce ta Brussels da Belgium. Tunatarwa ce ta ba'a da tarihin birnin na ƙin yarda.

Ko an nuna shi a cikin lambu, dandalin jama'a, ko tarin sirri, wannan sassaken tagulla ya zama wuri mai ban sha'awa, yaɗa dariya da ƙara taɓarɓarewa ga kowane wuri. Mannekis Pis yana samuwamutum-mutumin tagulla na siyarwaƙera ta da yawa mashahuran sculptors da masana'antun. Mafi kyawun su shineA Artisan Studio,Mai sana'ayana da mafi kyawun suna game da inganci da salon sadarwar aiki tsakanin duk masana'antar tagulla

Zuba jari a cikin ababban mutum-mutumi na tagullana Manneken Pis yana ba mutum damar yin murna da farin ciki da rashin girmamawa da ke tattare da shi. Rungumi ruhun Manneken Pis da kwafin tagulla mai jan hankali, kuma sanya abubuwan da ke kewaye da ku tare da ainihin ainihin al'adun Brussels.

• MAMAN

Maman babban sassaken tagulla ne na Louise Bourgeois. Ita ce gizo-gizo, tsayinsa ƙafa 30 kuma sama da ƙafa 33. Ya hada da jakar da ke dauke da ƙwayayen marmara guda 32 kuma cikinsa da ƙashinsa an yi su ne da tagulla mai kaƙƙarfan ƙirƙira.

(Maman, Ottawa)

An kirkiro wannan sassaken a cikin 1999 kuma a halin yanzu ana baje kolin a gidan tarihi na Guggenheim da ke birnin New York. Taken shine kalmar Faransanci da aka saba don Uwa (kin ga Mummy). Bourgeois ne ya kirkiro wannan sassaka a cikin 1999 a matsayin wani bangare na kwamitinta na farko na The Unilever Series (2000), a cikin Turbine Hall a Tate Modern na London.

Hoton ya ɗauki taken arachnid wanda Bourgeois ya fara tunani a cikin ƙaramin tawada da zanen gawayi a cikin 1947, yana ci gaba da Spider sculpture 1996. Ya yi nuni da ƙarfin mahaifiyar Bourgeois, tare da misalan kadi, saka, reno da kariya. Mahaifiyarta, Josephine, mace ce da ta gyara faifan kaset a cikin bitar gyaran masaku na mahaifinta a birnin Paris. Lokacin da Bourgeois ya cika shekara ashirin da daya, mahaifiyarta ta rasu sakamakon rashin lafiya da ba a san ta ba.

An baje kolin Maman a manyan biranen duniya, ciki har da Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, da Sydney. Masu suka sun yaba da karfinta da kyawunta. An kuma soki wannan sassaken saboda girmansa da kuma yadda yake nuna mace a matsayin gizo-gizo.

Duk da sukar da ake yi, Maman ta kasance shahararriyar sassaka mai kyan gani. Tunawa ce mai ƙarfi na ƙarfi da juriyar mata.

Akwai manyan mutum-mutumin tagulla na Maman don siyarwa daga ɗimbin dillalai na kan layi. Mafi kyawun su shineA Artisan Studio, Tuntube su idan kuna sha'awar kwafin wannan sanannen mutum-mutumi

• MUTUM MAI KWANA DA CENTAUR

(Bronze Man and Centaur, Metropolitan Museum of Arts)

Mutumin Bronze da Centaur wani sassaken tagulla ne na karni na 8 BC, wanda aka kirkira a Girka a tsakiyar karni na 8 BC, a zamanin Archaic Girka. Yanzu yana cikin tarin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan. Hoton kyauta ce ta J. Pierpont Morgan da aka ba wa Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan a cikin 1917.

Hoton karamin karami ne, tsayin inci 4 3/8 (11.1 cm), hoton mutum da centaur a cikin fada. Mutumin yana rike da mashi, yayin da centaur ke rike da takobi. Mutumin ya ɗan fi centaur tsayi, kuma ga dukkan alamu yana cikin cigiyar centaur.

An yi zane-zanen da tagulla, kuma an jefa shi a cikin hanyar da ba ta da kakin zuma. Hoton yana da kyau, amma yana nuna wasu alamun lalacewa da tsagewa. An bace mashin mutumin, kuma takobin centaur ya lalace.

Mutumin Bronze da Centaur ba kasafai ba ne kuma muhimmin misali na sassaken Girka na farko. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun sassaƙaƙe daga zamanin Archaic, kuma yana ba da hangen nesa a farkon haɓakar fasahar Girka.

Har ila yau, sassaken yana da mahimmanci saboda yana kwatanta mutum da centaur a cikin fada. Centaurs halittu ne na tatsuniyoyi waɗanda suke rabin mutum da rabin doki. Sau da yawa ana nuna su a matsayin ƴan ta'addanci da ƙazafi, kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman alamar hargitsi da tashin hankali.

Hoton wani mutum da centaur a cikin fada ya nuna cewa Girkawa suna ganin centaurs a matsayin barazana ga wayewarsu. Girkawa mutane ne masu wayewa sosai, kuma suna daraja tsari da jituwa. Centaurs kuwa, ana kallon su a matsayin masu rudani da hargitsi.

Mutumin Bronze da Centaur babban abin tunatarwa ne game da rikici tsakanin tsari da hargitsi, wayewa da dabbanci. Abin tunatarwa ne cewa ko da a cikin al'ummomin da suka fi kowa wayewa, koyaushe akwai yuwuwar tashin hankali da rikici.

Kammalawa

A ƙarshe, tarihin zane-zanen tagulla shaida ne ga yanayin dawwama na wannan nau'in fasaha. Tun daga asalinsa a zamanin d ¯ a har zuwa ci gaba da shahararsa a yau, sassaken tagulla ya burge tsararraki. Kyawun tagulla, ƙarfi, da juzu'in tagulla a matsayin abu ya ba wa masu fasaha damar ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke gwada lokaci. Ko ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasar Girka ne ko kuma fassarar zamani na masu fasaha na zamani, zane-zanen tagulla yana ci gaba da girmama shi saboda ikonsa na isar da motsin rai, ɗaukar lokuta a cikin tarihi, da barin ra'ayi mai ɗorewa ga waɗanda suka yaba fasaharsa.