Hotuna: Gidan kayan tarihi na Naturhistorisches

ur sculpture of art history, wannan ƙaramin siffa mai tsayi sama da inci huɗu an gano shi a ƙasar Ostiriya a shekara ta 1908. Babu wanda ya san aikin da yake yi, amma hasashe ya samo asali ne daga allahn haihuwa zuwa taimakon al'aura. Wasu malaman sun ce mai yiwuwa hoton kansa ne da mace ta yi. Shi ne ya fi shahara a cikin yawancin irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka samo asali daga Tsohon Dutse.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

Wannan hoton alama ce ta kyawun mata tun lokacin da aka fara gano shi a cikin 1912 a cikin rugujewar Amarna, babban birni wanda Fir'auna mafi yawan rigima na tarihin Masar na dā ya gina: Akhenaten. Rayuwar sarauniya, Nefertiti, wani abu ne mai ban mamaki: Ana tunanin cewa ta yi mulki a matsayin Fir'auna na wani lokaci bayan mutuwar Akhenaton - ko kuma mafi kusantar, a matsayin mai mulki na Sarki Tutankhamun. Wasu masanin ilimin Masar sun yi imanin cewa ita ce mahaifiyar Tut. Ana tsammanin wannan tsattsauran dutse mai lullube da stucco aikin hannu ne na Thutmose, sculptor na kotun Akhenaten.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

An gano shi a cikin 1974, Sojojin Terracotta wani babban rumbun yumbu ne da aka binne a cikin manyan ramuka uku kusa da kabarin Shi Huang, Sarkin China na farko, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 210 BC. Ana nufin kare shi a lahira, wasu alkaluma sun yi imanin cewa sojojin sun kai sama da sojoji 8,000 tare da dawakai 670 da karusai 130. Kowanne girman rai ne, kodayake tsayin daka ya bambanta bisa ga matsayin soja.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

Zai yiwu mafi shahararren sassaka na zamanin d Romawa.Laocoön da 'Ya'yansaAn samo asali ne a Roma a shekara ta 1506 kuma an ƙaura zuwa Vatican, inda take zaune har yau. Ya dogara ne a kan tatsuniyar wani firist na Trojan da aka kashe tare da ’ya’yansa da macizai na teku da allahn teku Poseidon ya aika a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga yunƙurin Laocoön na fallasa yaudarar Dokin Trojan. Asali an shigar da shi a fadar Sarkin sarakuna Titus, wannan rukuni na alama mai girman rai, wanda aka danganta ga gungun masu sassaƙa na Girka guda uku daga tsibirin Rhodes, ba shi da bambanci a matsayin nazarin wahalar ɗan adam.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a duk tarihin fasaha, Michelangelo's David ya samo asali ne a cikin wani babban aikin don yin ado da buttresses na babban cathedral na Florence, Duomo, tare da rukuni na adadi da aka samo daga Tsohon Alkawari. TheDaudadaya ne, kuma Agostino di Duccio ya fara a 1464. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Agostino ya yi nasarar fitar da wani ɓangare na babban shingen marmara da aka ƙera daga sanannen quarry a Carrara kafin ya tsaya a shekara ta 1466. (Ba wanda ya san dalilin da ya sa.) Wani mai zane ya ɗauko slack, amma shi ma, kawai yayi aiki a kai a takaice. Dutsen marmara ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba har tsawon shekaru 25 na gaba, har sai Michelangelo ya koma sassaƙa shi a shekara ta 1501. Yana ɗan shekara 26 a lokacin. Lokacin da aka gama, Dauda ya kai ton shida, ma'ana ba za a iya ɗaga shi zuwa rufin babban cocin ba. Madadin haka, an nuna shi a waje da ƙofar Palazzo Vecchio, babban zauren garin Florence. Al'ummar Florentine sun karɓe wannan adadi, ɗaya daga cikin tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi na salon Babban Renaissance, nan da nan jama'ar Florentine suka karɓe shi a matsayin alama ta juriyar da jihar ta yi kan ikon da aka yi mata. A 1873, daDaudaan ƙaura zuwa Gallery na Accademia, kuma an shigar da kwafi a wurinsa na asali.

Hotuna: Ladabi CC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

An yarda da shi a matsayin mafarin salon Baroque na Babban Roman, Gian Lorenzo Bernini ya ƙirƙiri wannan ƙwararren don ɗakin sujada a cikin Cocin Santa Maria della Vittoria. Baroque yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai da Counter-Reformation ta hanyar da Cocin Katolika ta yi ƙoƙarin kawar da balaguron Furotesta a cikin Turai na ƙarni na 17. Ayyukan zane-zane kamar na Bernini sun kasance wani ɓangare na shirin sake tabbatar da koyarwar Paparoma, wanda gwanin Bernini ya yi amfani da shi a nan don ƙaddamar da al'amuran addini tare da labarun ban mamaki.Ecstasymisali ne: Batunsa—Saint Teresa na Ávila, wata Ba’armeliya ce kuma ’yar’uwa da ta rubuta game da haduwarta da mala’ika—an kwatanta sa’ad da mala’ikan yake gab da jefa kibiya a cikin zuciyarta.Ecstasy's batsa overtones ne unmistakakable, mafi a fili a cikin Nun ta inzali magana da writhing masana'anta nannade biyu Figures. Masanin gine-gine kamar yadda mai zane-zane, Bernini ya tsara saitin Chapel a cikin marmara, stucco da fenti.

Hotuna: Ladabi The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Fletcher Fund

Mawaƙin Italiyanci Antonio Canova (1757-1822) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi girman sculptor na ƙarni na 18. Ayyukansa sun kwatanta salon Neo-Classical, kamar yadda kuke gani a fassararsa a cikin marmara na gwarzon tatsuniya na Girka Perseus. Canova ya yi nau'i biyu na yanki: Ɗaya yana zaune a Vatican a Roma, yayin da ɗayan yana tsaye a Kotun Kotu ta Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Turai.

Hotuna: Gidan Tarihi na Art

Yayin da Edgar Degas mai ƙwazo ya fi saninsa da mai zane, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin sassaka, yana samar da abin da za a iya cewa shine mafi girman ƙoƙarin oeuvre. Daga fashionKaramin Dan Rawar Shekara Goma Sha Hududaga kakin zuma (daga wanda aka jefa kwafin tagulla na gaba bayan mutuwarsa a 1917), amma gaskiyar cewa Degas ya yi ado da ma'anarsa a cikin ainihin kayan ballet (cikakke da bodice, tutu da silifa) da wig na gashin gaske ya haifar da abin mamaki lokacin daMai rawaAn yi muhawara a Baje kolin Impressionist na shida na 1881 a Paris. Degas ya zaba don ya rufe yawancin kayan adonsa da kakin zuma don ya dace da sauran sifofi na yarinya, amma ya ajiye Tutu, da kuma ribbon da ke daure gashinta, kamar yadda suke, wanda ya sa wannan adadi ya kasance daya daga cikin misalan farko na abin da aka samo. fasaha.Mai rawashi ne kawai sassaken da Degas ya nuna a rayuwarsa; bayan mutuwarsa, an sake samun wasu misalan wasu 156 a cikin dakinsa.

Hotuna: Lantarki Philadelphia Museum of Art

Yayin da yawancin mutane ke danganta babban sculptor na Faransa Auguste Rodin daMai Tunani, wannan gungu na tunawa da abin da ya faru a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari (1337-1453) tsakanin Biritaniya da Faransa ya fi mahimmanci ga tarihin sassaka. An ba da izini ga wurin shakatawa a cikin birnin Calais (inda turawan Ingila suka mamaye tsawon shekara guda a 1346 lokacin da dattawan gari shida suka ba da kansu don kisa don musanya yawan jama'a).BurgerRodin ya yi watsi da tsarin abubuwan tarihi na lokacin: Maimakon alkaluman da aka keɓe ko kuma a tara su a cikin dala a saman wani doguwar ginshiƙi, Rodin ya tattara batutuwa masu girman rayuwa kai tsaye a ƙasa, daidai da mai kallo. Wannan tsattsauran ra'ayi zuwa ga gaskiya ya karya tare da jarumtakar jiyya da aka saba ba da irin waɗannan ayyukan a waje. Tare daBurger, Rodin ya ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko zuwa sassaka na zamani.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Flicker/Wally Gobetz

A cikin 1912, Picasso ya ƙirƙiri maquette na kwali na yanki wanda zai yi tasiri sosai akan fasahar ƙarni na 20. Har ila yau a cikin tarin MoMA, ya nuna guitar, batun Picasso yakan bincika a cikin zane-zane da haɗin gwiwa, kuma ta fuskoki da yawa,Gitarfasahar yanke da manna collage daga girma biyu zuwa uku. Hakanan ya yi don Cubism, haka nan, ta hanyar haɗa sifofi masu faɗi don ƙirƙirar nau'i mai yawa tare da zurfin da girma. Ƙirƙirar Picasso ita ce ta nisantar sassaka da ƙirƙira na al'ada na sassaka daga ƙaƙƙarfan taro. Maimakon haka,Gitaraka haɗa su kamar tsari. Wannan ra'ayin zai sake komawa daga Ƙarfafawar Rasha har zuwa Minimalism da kuma bayan. Shekaru biyu bayan yin aikinGitara cikin kwali, Picasso ya ƙirƙiri wannan sigar a cikin tin snipped

Hotuna: Gidan Tarihi na Art

Tun daga farkonsa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi har zuwa cikin jiki na fasikanci na ƙarshe, Futurism na Italiya ya gigita duniya, amma babu wani aiki ɗaya da ya misalta ƙaƙƙarfan motsin motsi fiye da wannan sassaka ta ɗayan manyan fitilunsa: Umberto Boccioni. Farawa a matsayin mai zane, Boccioni ya juya zuwa aiki ta fuskoki uku bayan balaguron 1913 zuwa Paris inda ya zagaya dakunan wasan kwaikwayo na sculptors na avant-garde da yawa na lokacin, kamar Constantin Brancusi, Raymond Duchamp-Villon da Alexander Archipenko. Boccioni sun haɗa ra'ayoyinsu cikin wannan ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwaƙƙwalwa, wanda ke nuna siffa mai jujjuyawar da aka saita a cikin "ci gaban roba" na motsi kamar yadda Boccioni ya bayyana shi. An kirkiro wannan yanki ne a cikin filasta kuma ba a jefa shi cikin sigar tagulla da aka saba ba har zuwa 1931, da kyau bayan mutuwar mai zane a 1916 a matsayin memba na rundunar sojan Italiya a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

An haife shi a Romania, Brancusi ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu sassaka na zamani na farkon karni na 20 - kuma lalle ne, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a cikin tarihin sassaka. Wani nau'i na proto-minimalist, Brancusi ya ɗauki siffofi daga yanayi kuma ya tsara su zuwa cikakkun bayanai. Salon nasa ya rinjayi fasahar jama'a na ƙasarsa, wanda sau da yawa yana ba da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirar geometric da salo masu salo. Har ila yau, bai nuna bambanci tsakanin abu da tushe ba, yana kula da su, a wasu lokuta, a matsayin abubuwan da za su iya canzawa - hanya ce ta wakiltar hutu mai mahimmanci tare da al'adun sassaka. Wannan yanki mai kyan gani hoto ne na samfurinsa kuma masoyinsa, Margit Pogány, ɗalibin fasaha ɗan ƙasar Hungary da ya sadu da shi a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1910. An zana na farko a cikin marmara, sannan aka yi kwafin filasta daga ciki aka yi wannan tagulla. An nuna filastar da kanta a birnin New York a wurin baje kolin kayan yaƙi na 1913, inda masu suka suka yi masa ba'a da ƙwazo. Amma kuma shi ne yanki da aka fi bugawa a wasan kwaikwayon. Brancusi yi aiki a kan daban-daban versionsMlle Poganyna wasu shekaru 20.

Hotuna: Ladabi The Museum of Modern Art

Dabarar Kekeana ɗaukarsa na farko na shirye-shiryen juyin juya hali na Duchamp. Koyaya, lokacin da ya kammala aikin a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinsa na Paris, da gaske bai san abin da zai kira shi ba. "Ina da ra'ayin farin ciki na ɗaura keken keke a kan stool in duba yadda yake juya," Duchamp zai ce daga baya. Ya ɗauki balaguron 1915 zuwa New York, da fallasa ga babban kayan da masana'anta ke samarwa na birni, don Duchamp ya fito da lokacin shirye-shiryen. Mafi mahimmanci, ya fara ganin cewa yin zane-zane a cikin al'ada, aikin hannu ba shi da ma'ana a zamanin masana'antu. Me ya sa ya damu, in ji shi, lokacin da manyan abubuwan da aka kera za su iya yin aikin. Ga Duchamp, ra'ayin da ke bayan aikin zane ya fi mahimmanci fiye da yadda aka yi shi. Wannan ra'ayi-watakila ainihin misali na Farko na Hannun Hannun-zai canza tarihin fasaha gaba ɗaya. Da yawa kamar kayan gida na yau da kullun, duk da haka, na asaliDabarar Kekebai tsira ba: Wannan sigar haƙiƙa ce ta kwafi daga 1951.

Hotuna: Gidan kayan tarihi na Whitney na Fasaha na Amurka, © 2019 Calder Foundation, New York/Rights Rights Society (ARS), New York

Ƙaunataccen ƙaƙƙarfan tarin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Whitney,Circus Calderya kawar da jigon wasa wanda Alexander Calder (1898-1976) ya kawo a matsayin mai zane wanda ya taimaka wajen tsara sassa na 20th.Circus, wanda aka halitta a lokacin da artist ta lokacin a Paris, ya kasa m fiye da rataye "wayoyin hannu," amma a cikin nasu hanya, shi ya kasance kamar yadda kinetic: An yi da farko daga waya da itace.Circusyayi aiki a matsayin cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo na ingantawa, wanda Calder ya zagaya a cikin adadi daban-daban da ke nuna masu karkatar da kai, masu hadiye takobi, masu zakin zaki, da sauransu, kamar mai kula da abin allahntaka.

Hotuna: Ladabi Gidan kayan tarihi na J. Paul Getty

A matsayin mai zane da zanen kaset da kuma mai sassaka, mai zanen Faransa Aristide Maillol (1861-1944) za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin ɗan Neo-Classicist na zamani wanda ya sanya streamline, karni na 20 a kan al'adun gargajiya na Greco-Roman. Hakanan za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kodayake ya kamata a tuna cewa ko da avant-garde na zamani kamar Picasso ya samar da ayyuka a cikin daidaitawar salon Neo-Classical bayan yakin duniya na I. Maillol batun shine tsirara mace, kuma a cikinL'Air, ya haifar da bambanci tsakanin tarin abubuwan abin da ya shafi batunsa, da kuma yadda ta bayyana tana shawagi a sararin samaniya - daidaitawa, kamar dai, rashin ƙarfi na jiki tare da kasancewar evanescent.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Flickr/C-Monster

Wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jafananci wanda ke aiki a cikin matsakaici masu yawa, Kusama ya zo New York a 1957 yana komawa Japan a 1972. A cikin tsaka-tsakin, ta kafa kanta a matsayin babban jigo na al'amuran cikin gari, wanda fasaharsa ta taɓa tushe da yawa, gami da Pop Art, Minimalism. da Performance Art. A matsayinta na mace mai fasaha wadda sau da yawa ke magana game da jima'i na mata, ita ma ta kasance mai gaba-gaba na Art Feminist. Ayyukan Kusama galibi ana siffanta su da tsarin hallucinogenic da maimaita nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan da aka samo asali ne a cikin wasu yanayi na tunani - hallucinations, OCD - ta sha wahala tun lokacin ƙuruciya. Duk waɗannan abubuwan fasaha da rayuwar Kusuma sun bayyana a cikin wannan aikin, inda wata kujera ta yau da kullun, mai ɗaurewa mai sauƙi ba tare da tsoro ba ta shiga cikin bala'i mai kama da bala'i na bala'i da aka yi da masana'anta da aka dinka.

Hotuna: Gidan kayan tarihi na Whitney na Art American, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol/ Albright-Knox Art Gallery/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

An san shi da sunanta na farko, Marisol Escobar (1930 – 2016) an haife shi a Paris ga iyayen Venezuelan. A matsayinta na mai fasaha, ta kasance mai alaƙa da Pop Art kuma daga baya Op Art, kodayake a salo, ba ta cikin rukuni. Madadin haka, ta ƙirƙiri teburaux na alama waɗanda ake nufi azaman satires na mata na matsayin jinsi, shahara da dukiya. A cikiMata da Kareta dauki akidar da mata, da kuma yadda ake amfani da mizanan mata da maza suka gindaya don tilasta musu su bi.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Flicker/Rocor

Akwatin Brillo shine watakila sanannen jerin ayyukan sassaka na Warhol wanda aka kirkira a tsakiyar shekarun 60s, wanda ya dauki bincikensa na al'adun gargajiya cikin girma uku. Gaskiya ne ga sunan Warhol ya ba da ɗakin studio - Factory - mai zane-zane ya dauki hayar massaƙa don yin wani nau'i na layin taro, tare da ƙusa tare da akwatunan katako a cikin siffar kwali don samfurori daban-daban, ciki har da Heinz Ketchup, Kellogg's Corn Flakes da Campbell's Soup, kamar yadda to Brillo sabulun sabulu. Sannan ya zana kowane akwati kalan da ya dace da na asali (farare a yanayin Brillo) kafin ya ƙara sunan samfurin da tambarin a fuskar siliki. An ƙirƙira su da yawa, ana nuna kwalayen a cikin manyan rijiyoyin, yadda ya kamata suna juya duk wani hoton da suke ciki zuwa wani babban kayan al'adu na ɗakin ajiya. Siffar su da samar da siriyal ta yiwu wata ƙila ta kasance mai ƙima ga-ko kuma ta-hanyar-salon Minimalist mai tasowa a lokacin. Amma ainihin batu naAkwatin Brilloshine yadda kusancinsa da ainihin abu ke juyar da tarurruka na fasaha, ta hanyar nuna cewa babu wani bambanci na gaske tsakanin kayan da aka kera da aiki daga ɗakin studio na mai fasaha.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Flicker/Esther Westerveld

Sunan Donald Judd yayi daidai da Minimal Art, motsi na tsakiyar 60s wanda ya kawar da ra'ayin zamani na zamani zuwa ga abubuwan da ba a sani ba. Ga Judd, sassaka na nufin bayyana ainihin kasancewar aikin a sararin samaniya. An kwatanta wannan ra'ayin ta kalmar, "takamaiman abu," kuma yayin da wasu Minimalists suka rungume shi, Judd ya ba da hujjar ba da ra'ayin mafi kyawun furcinsa ta hanyar ɗaukar akwatin a matsayin sigar sa hannu. Kamar Warhol, ya samar da su azaman raka'a masu maimaitawa, ta amfani da kayan aiki da hanyoyin da aka aro daga masana'antu. Ba kamar gwangwani na Warhol da Marilyns ba, fasahar Judd ba ta magana game da komai a waje da kanta. “Tari” nasa, suna daga cikin sanannun guntunsa. Kowannensu yana kunshe da rukunin kwalaye marasa zurfi da aka yi da karfen galvanized, suna tsalle daga bango don ƙirƙirar ginshiƙi na abubuwa masu sarari. Amma Judd, wanda ya fara a matsayin mai zane, yana da sha'awar launi da rubutu kamar yadda yake a cikin tsari, kamar yadda aka gani a nan ta hanyar lacquer mai launin kore mai launin fata wanda aka shafa a gaban fuskar kowane akwati. Judd's interplay na launi da kayan yana bayarwaMara suna (Tari)a fastidious ladabi cewa softens ta m absolutism.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Flicker/Rocor

Kamar Benglis, Hesse mace ce mai fasaha wacce ta tace Postminimalism ta hanyar prism na mata. Bayahude wacce ta gudu daga Jamus tun tana yarinya, ta binciko nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta, ta samar da guda a cikin fiberglass na masana'antu, latex da igiya da ke fitar da fata ko nama, al'aura da sauran sassan jiki. Idan aka yi la'akari da tarihinta, yana da ban sha'awa don samun raunin rauni ko damuwa a cikin ayyuka irin wannan.

Hotuna: Ladabi The Museum of Modern Art

Bayan Judd da Flavin, gungun masu fasaha sun tashi daga kyawawan layukan Minimalism. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙarni na Postminimalist, Richard Serra ya sanya ra'ayi na takamaiman abu akan steroids, yana haɓaka ma'auni da nauyi sosai, da kuma sanya dokokin nauyi a cikin ra'ayin. Ya ƙirƙira madaidaicin daidaita ayyukan ƙarfe ko farantin gubar da bututu masu awo a cikin tan, waɗanda ke da tasirin ba da ma'ana ga aikin. (A lokuta biyu, an kashe riggers ɗin da ke shigar da sassan Serra yayin da aikin ya ruguje da gangan.) A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikin Serra ya karɓi gyare-gyare na curvilinear wanda ya sa ya shahara sosai, amma a farkon tafiya, yana aiki kamar One Ton Prop (House). of Cards), wanda ke da faranti guda huɗu da aka jingina tare, ya bayyana damuwarsa tare da mugun nufi.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Biyo bayan al'adun gargajiya na gabaɗaya a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, masu fasaha sun fara tayar da kayar baya ga kasuwancin duniyar gallery, suna haɓaka sabbin fasahohin fasaha kamar ayyukan ƙasa. Har ila yau, an san shi da fasahar ƙasa, babban jigon wannan nau'in shine Robert Smithson (1938-1973), wanda, tare da masu fasaha irin su Michael Heizer, Walter De Maria da James Turrel, sun shiga cikin hamadar Yammacin Amurka don ƙirƙirar manyan ayyuka waɗanda sun yi aiki tare da kewayen su. Wannan takamaiman hanyar yanar gizo, kamar yadda ya zo da ake kira, galibi ana amfani da kayan aikin da aka ɗauka kai tsaye daga wuri mai faɗi. Irin wannan shine lamarin Smithson'sSpiral Jetty, wanda ke shiga cikin Babban Tafkin Gishiri na Utah daga Rozel Point a bakin tekun arewa maso gabas. An yi shi da laka, lu'ulu'u na gishiri da basalt da aka fitar a wurin.Spiral Jetty matakan1,500 ta ƙafa 15. An nutsar da shi a karkashin tafkin tsawon shekaru da dama har sai da fari a farkon shekarun 2000 ya sake dawo da shi. A cikin 2017,Spiral Jettyan kira shi aikin fasaha na Utah.

Hoto: Ladabi CC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

Aikin sa hannun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Faransa,SpiderAn halicce shi a tsakiyar 1990s lokacin da Bourgeois (1911-2010) ya riga ya kasance a cikin shekarunta tamanin. Yana samuwa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na ma'auni daban-daban, ciki har da wasu waɗanda suke da mahimmanci.Spiderana nufin yabo ne ga mahaifiyar mai zane, mai gyara kayan kaset (saboda haka ana nuni ga kwarjinin arachnid don kaɗa yanar gizo).

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Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Turner a 1994, Antony Gormley yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin 1994, Antony Gormley, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Turner a Burtaniya, amma kuma an san shi a duk faɗin duniya saboda irin rawar da ya taka a zane-zane na alama, wanda a cikinsa ya dogara da bambancin sikeli da salo. ga mafi yawancin, akan samfuri ɗaya: Simintin gyare-gyare na jikin mai zane. Gaskiyar ita ce wannan babban abin tunawa mai fuka-fuki da ke kusa da garin Gateshead a arewa maso gabashin Ingila. An jera a kan babbar hanya,Mala'ikayayi sama zuwa ƙafa 66 a tsayi kuma ya kai ƙafa 177 a faɗin daga wingtip zuwa wingtip. A cewar Gormley, aikin yana nufin wani nau'i na alamar alama tsakanin masana'antu na Biritaniya da suka wuce (wanda aka sassaka a cikin kasar Ingila, zuciyar juyin juya halin masana'antu) da kuma makomar masana'antu bayan masana'antu.

Mai ladabi CC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Ƙaunar da ake kira "The Bean" ta Chicagoans don lankwasa siffar ellipsoidal,Ƙofar Cloud, Cibiyar fasahar jama'a ta Anish Kapoor don filin shakatawa na Millennium na Biyu, duka zane-zane ne da kuma gine-gine, suna ba da babbar hanya ta Instagram-shirye don masu tafiya Lahadi da sauran baƙi zuwa wurin shakatawa. Wanda aka kera daga karfen madubi,Ƙofar Cloud's fun-house reflectivity da manyan-sikelin sanya shi Kapoor mafi-sanannen yanki.

Ladabi mai zane da Greene Naftali, New York

Ayyukan Rachel Harrison sun haɗu da cikakken tsari tare da ƙwarewa don ƙaddamar da abubuwa masu kama da ma'ana masu ma'ana, ciki har da na siyasa. Ta yi tsananin tambayar abin tarihi da haƙƙin namiji da ke tare da shi. Harrison ta kera mafi yawan kayan sassaka nata ta hanyar tarawa da tsara tubalan ko tulun Styrofoam, kafin a rufe su a hade da siminti da fenti. Cherry a saman wani nau'in abu ne da aka samo, ko dai shi kadai ko a hade tare da wasu. Babban misali shine wannan mannequin a saman wani elongated, nau'i mai fenti. Sanye da riga, da kuma abin rufe fuska na Ibrahim Lincoln, aikin ya aika da ka'idar babban mutum na tarihi tare da tayar da mai nasara na Ancient Duniya yana tsaye a kan wani dutse mai launin shuɗi..