Gabatarwa
Abubuwan sassaka na tagulla sun kasance shekaru aru-aru, kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa wasu ayyukan fasaha masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa a duniya.Daga manyan mutum-mutumi na d ¯ a Masar zuwa kyawawan siffofi na d ¯ a Girka, sculptures na tagulla suna da ca.ya ƙirƙiro tunanin ɗan adam na millennia.
Amma menene game da tagulla wanda ya sa ya zama cikakkiyar matsakaici don scukaratun?Me ya sa zane-zanen tagulla suka yi tsayin daka, yayin da wasu kayan suka faɗi a gefen hanya?
(Duba: Tagulla Sculptures)
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu dubi tarihin sassaken tagulla, da kuma gano dalilan da ya sa ya zama sanannen matsakaici ga masu fasaha a tsawon shekaru.Za mu kuma duba wasu shahararrun sassa na tagulla a duniya, mu tattauna inda za ku same su a yau.
Don haka ko kai mai sha'awar fasahar zamani ne ko kuma kana sha'awar tarihin sassaken tagulla, ci gaba da karantawa don kallo mai ban sha'awa a wannan sigar fasahar maras lokaci.
nd idan kana nemasculptures na tagulla na siyarwada kanka, za mu kuma ba da wasu shawarwari kan inda za ku sami mafi kyawun ciniki.
To me kuke jira?Bari mu fara!
Tsohuwar GREECE
Hotunan tagulla sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kayan fasaha a tsohuwar Girka.Tagulla abu ne mai daraja sosai, kuma an yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar sassaka iri-iri, daga ƙananan siffofi zuwa manyan mutum-mutumi.Masu sassaƙa tagulla na Girka sun kasance ƙwararrun sana'o'insu kuma sun ɓullo da sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙayatattun dabaru don jefa tagulla.
Sanannen sculptures na tagulla na Girka na farko sun koma zamanin Geometric (c. 900-700 KZ).Wadannan sassaka na farko sun kasance kanana kuma masu sauki ne, amma sun nuna kwarewa da fasaha na ban mamaki.A zamanin Archaic (kimanin 700-480 KZ), sculpture na tagulla na Girka ya kai wani sabon matakin sophistication.Manyan mutum-mutumi na Bronzesun kasance na kowa, kuma masu zane-zane sun iya kama nau'o'in motsin zuciyar mutum da maganganu.
Wasu daga cikin shahararrun sassa na tagulla na Girka sun haɗa da:
- RUWAN RIACE (C. 460 KZ)
- TASKAR ARZIKI (C. 460 KZ)
Mafi yawan fasahar simintin gyare-gyaren da masu sassaƙa na Girka suka yi amfani da ita ita ce hanyar jefar da kakin zuma.Wannan hanya ta haɗa da ƙirƙirar samfurin kakin zuma na sassaka, wanda aka rufe shi a cikin yumbu.An yi zafi da yumbu, wanda ya narkar da kakin zuma kuma ya bar sararin samaniya a cikin siffar sassaka.An zuba narkar da tagulla a sararin samaniya, kuma aka cire yumbun don bayyana sassaken da aka gama.
Sau da yawa sassaƙaƙen Girkanci suna da ma'ana ta alama.Alal misali, Doryphoros ya kasance wakilci na siffar namiji mai kyau, kuma Winged Nasara na Samotrace alama ce ta nasara.Girkancimanyan sassaka na tagullaAn kuma yi amfani da su sau da yawa don tunawa da muhimman al'amura ko mutane.
Tsohuwar MASAR
Hotunan tagulla sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun Masar tsawon ƙarni, tun daga zamanin Daular Farko (c. 3100-2686 KZ).Ana amfani da waɗannan sassaka sau da yawa don dalilai na addini ko na jana'izar, kuma galibi ana yin su don nuna mahimman bayanai daga tarihin Masar ko tatsuniyoyi.
Wasu daga cikin shahararrun sassa na tagulla na Masar sun haɗa da
- HOTUNAN KWALUNCI NA HORUS FALCON
- SIFFAR BRONZE NA ISIS TARE DA HORUS
An yi zane-zanen tagulla a Masar ta amfani da dabarar jefa kakin zuma da aka bata.Wannan fasaha ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar samfurin sassaka daga kakin zuma, sa'an nan kuma sanya samfurin a cikin yumbu.Ana yin zafi da yumbun yumbu, wanda zai narke kakin zuma kuma ya bar wuri mara kyau.Ana zuba narkakkar tagulla a cikin sararin sarari, kuma a karye tallar don bayyana sassaken da aka gama.
Sau da yawa ana yi wa zane-zanen tagulla ado da alamomi daban-daban, gami da ankh (alamar rayuwa), ita (alamar iko), da djed (alamar kwanciyar hankali).An yi imanin waɗannan alamomin suna da ikon sihiri, kuma ana amfani da su sau da yawa don kare sassaka da mutanen da suka mallaka.
Hotunan tagulla sun ci gaba da zama sananne a yau, kuma ana iya samun su a gidajen tarihi da tarin masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin duniya.Shaida ce ga fasaha da fasaha na tsoffin sculptors na Masar, kuma suna ci gaba da ƙarfafa masu fasaha da masu tarawa a yau.
Tsohuwar kasar Sin
Hoton tagulla yana da dogon tarihi kuma mai albarka a kasar Sin, tun daga daular Shang (1600-1046 KZ).Bronze abu ne mai daraja sosai a kasar Sin, kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen kera abubuwa iri-iri, da suka hada da tasoshin al'ada, makamai, da sassaka.
Wasu daga cikin shahararrun sassa na tagulla na kasar Sin sun hada da:
- THE DING
Ding wani nau'in jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai na al'ada.Yawancin lokaci an yi wa Dings ado da ƙayyadaddun ƙira, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙirar zoomorphic, tsarin geometric, da rubutu.
(Gidan Auction na Sotheby)
- ZUN
Zun wani nau'in ruwan inabi ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai na al'ada.Yawancin lokaci ana yi wa zuns ado da siffofi na dabba, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su azaman tasoshin libation.
(Gidan ruwan inabi (zun) | The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
- BI
Bi nau'in diski ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai na biki.Sau da yawa ana ƙawata Bis da zane-zane, kuma wasu lokuta ana amfani da su azaman madubi.
(Etsy)
An jefa sassaƙaƙen tagulla ta hanyar amfani da dabaru iri-iri, gami da hanyar da aka bata.Hanyar da aka rasa-kakin zuma wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar samfurin kakin zuma na sassaka, sanya samfurin a cikin yumbu, sannan kuma narke kakin zuma daga yumbu.Ana zuba narkar da tagulla a cikin yumbun yumbu, kuma za a bayyana sassaken da zarar an karye.
Sau da yawa ana yi wa sassaken tagulla ado da hoto na alama.Misali, dodon alama ce ta iko da ƙarfi, kuma phoenix alama ce ta tsawon rai da sake haifuwa.Ana amfani da waɗannan alamomi sau da yawa don isar da saƙon addini ko na siyasa.
Hotunan tagulla sun ci gaba da zama sananne a yau, kuma ana iya samun su a gidajen tarihi da tarin masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin duniya.Sun shaida fasahar fasaha da fasaha na tsoffin masu fasaha na kasar Sin, kuma suna ci gaba da zaburar da masu zane-zane da masu tarin yawa a yau.
Indiya ta da
Hotunan tagulla sun kasance wani ɓangare na fasahar Indiya tsawon ƙarni, tun daga wayewar Indus Valley (3300-1300 KZ).Waɗannan tagulla na farko galibi ƙanana ne kuma masu laushi, kuma galibi suna siffanta dabbobi ko sifofin ɗan adam a cikin salon dabi'a.
Kamar yadda al'adun Indiya suka samo asali, haka ma salon sassaken tagulla.A lokacin daular Gupta (320-550 AZ), zane-zanen tagulla ya zama mafi girma kuma ya fi rikitarwa, kuma sau da yawa suna kwatanta al'amuran addini ko al'amuran daga tatsuniyoyi.
Wasu sassa na Indiya sun haɗa da:
- 'YAR MOHENJODARO MAI RAWA'
- TASKAR NATARAJA
- UBANGIJI KRISHNA YANA RAWA AKAN MACIJI KALIYA
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
- WANENE TSOHON WAYEWA SUKA YI SHAHARARAR TSAFARKI SANARWA?
Tsofaffin wayewa da yawa sun bar gado mai ɗorewa tare da fitattun sassaken tagulla.A tsohuwar Girka, masu fasaha irin su Myron da Praxiteles sun ƙirƙira ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, gami da "Discobolus" da "Poseidon na Artemision.
Simintin tagulla ya kai kololuwarsa a zamanin daular Shang da Zhou a kasar Sin, tare da tasoshin jiragen ruwa masu katsalandan kamar "ding" da shahararren "Container Wine Container with Zoomorphic Motifs."Yayin da Masar ta yi suna don sassaka sassaka na dutse, ta kuma samar da sanannun zane-zane na tagulla a lokacin Sabuwar Mulki da Late Period, tare da mutum-mutumi masu wakiltar alloli da fir'auna, kamar gunkin tagulla na Bastet.
Daular Chola ta Indiya ta da ta ƙera kayan sassaka na tagulla na addini waɗanda ke nuna gumaka kamar Shiva da Vishnu, waɗanda aka san su da cikakkun bayanai da fa'ida.Sauran wayewa, irin su Etruscans, Mayans, da Scythians, suma sun ba da gudummawa ga ɗimbin al'adun gargajiya na tsohuwar sassaken tagulla.
- WADANNE KAYANA AKA YI AMFANI DA KARIN KWANA DOMIN KIRKIYAR WADANNAN SIFFOFI?
Tsohon Girka: Masu sassaƙa na Girka sukan haɗa wasu kayan kamar marmara, hauren giwa, da ganyen zinare don haɓaka ƙayataccen zanen tagulla.
Tsohuwar kasar Sin: A wasu lokuta ana ƙawata hotunan tagulla na kasar Sin da abubuwa na ado da aka yi da Jad, da duwatsu masu daraja, ko fentin enamel.
Tsohon Misira: Masarawa sun haɗa tagulla da sauran kayan kamar itace, faience (wani nau'in yumbu mai ƙyalli), da karafa masu daraja kamar zinariya da azurfa don ƙirƙirar sassaka masu banƙyama da ƙawa.
Indiya ta da: A wasu lokatai ana ƙawata sassaƙaƙen tagulla na Indiya da duwatsu masu daraja, irin su yakutu ko emerald, kuma galibi ana ƙawata su da kayan ado da manyan riguna na zinariya ko azurfa.
Waɗannan ƙarin kayan sun ƙara ƙarin zurfi, alamar alama, da ƙimar fasaha ga sassaken tagulla na waɗannan tsoffin wayewa.
- TA YAYA AKA KARE DA GANO TSAFARKIN TSOHON TSOHON TAFARKIN MASU KIMIYYA NA ZAMANI?
An adana hotunan tagulla na daɗaɗɗen masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ta hanyar mahallin binnewa, wuraren da aka nutsar da su, tonowa, binciken binciken kayan tarihi, da kuma wani lokaci ta hanyar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce daga kwasar ganima da tarawa.Binne a cikin kaburbura ko wurare masu tsarki, nutsewa cikin ruwa, hakowa na bazata ko shiryawa, bincike na tsari, da ayyukan tilasta bin doka suna ba da gudummawa wajen dawo da su.Tare da ƙwararrun ayyukan ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, ingantattun dabarun tono ƙasa, da hanyoyin adanawa, ganowa da adana tsoffin sassa na tagulla suna ba da haske mai mahimmanci game da fasaha da al'adun tsoffin wayewa.
- TA YAYA AKE KIRKIRAR SAMUN SANARWA A TSOHON wayewa?
An ƙirƙiri sculptures na tagulla a cikin wayewar zamani ta amfani da dabarar simintin ɓataccen abu.Na farko, an yi samfurin sassaken da ake so a cikin wani abu mai lalacewa, kamar yumbu ko kakin zuma.Sa'an nan kuma, an kafa wani nau'i a kusa da samfurin, yana barin budewa don narkakken tagulla.Bayan ƙirar ta taurare, samfurin kakin zuma ya narke kuma ya kwashe, yana barin rami.An zuba narkakken tagulla a cikin rami, cike da m.Da zarar an kwantar da shi kuma an ƙarfafa shi, an cire gyare-gyaren, kuma an ƙara tsaftace sassaka ta hanyar gogewa da fasaha.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-01-2023