Bukatar ruwa mai tsafta a Biritaniya a karni na 19 ya haifar da wani sabon salo mai ban sha'awa na kayan daki na titi.Kathryn Ferry ta yi nazarin maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha.Muna rayuwa ne a zamanin locomotive, da na'urorin lantarki, da kuma na'urar buga tururi…'Jaridar Arta cikin Afrilu 1860, duk da haka 'ko a yanzu ba mu ci gaba da nisa fiye da irin wannan ƙoƙari na gwaji ba wanda zai iya kai mu ga samar da ruwa mai tsafta ... don biyan bukatun yawancin al'ummarmu.'An tilasta wa ma'aikatan Victoria kashe kuɗi akan giya da gin saboda, ga duk fa'idodin masana'antu, samar da ruwa ya kasance marar kuskure kuma ya ƙazantu sosai.Masu fafutuka na temperance sun yi iƙirarin cewa dogara ga barasa shine tushen matsalolin zamantakewa, ciki har da talauci, aikata laifuka da fatara. An yaba da wuraren shan ruwan sha na jama'a a matsayin muhimmin sashi na mafita.Hakika, daJaridar Artya ba da rahoton yadda mutanen da ke tsallakawa London da kewaye, 'da kyar ba za su iya guje wa lura da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu yawa waɗanda ko'ina suke tasowa, kusan kamar yadda ake gani, ta hanyar sihiri, suna wanzuwa'.Wadannan sabbin kasidu na kayan daki na tituna an gina su ne da fatan wasu masu hannu da shuni da dama, wadanda suka nemi inganta tarbiyyar jama'a ta hanyar zayyana maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da kuma aikinta.Yawancin salo, alamomin ado, shirye-shirye na sassaka da kayan sun kasance masu ƙorafi zuwa wannan manufa, suna barin gado mai ban mamaki.Farkon maɓuɓɓugar jin ƙai sun kasance sassauƙan tsari.Dan kasuwa mai haɗin kai Charles Pierre Melly ne ya fara wannan ra'ayin a garinsu na Liverpool, bayan da ya ga fa'idar tsaftataccen ruwan sha a wata ziyara da ya kai birnin Geneva, a ƙasar Switzerland, a shekara ta 1852. Ya buɗe maɓuɓɓugarsa na farko a Dock Prince a watan Maris 1854, ya zaɓi goge goge. ja Aberdeen granite don juriya da kuma samar da ruwa mai gudana don guje wa karyewa ko rashin aiki na famfo. Saita cikin bangon tashar jirgin ruwa, wannan maɓuɓɓugar ya ƙunshi kwandon da ke aiki tare da kofuna na sha da aka haɗe da sarƙoƙi a kowane gefe, gaba ɗaya ya cika da pediment. (Hoto 1).A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, Melly ta ba da tallafin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda 30, wanda ke jagorantar motsi wanda ya bazu cikin sauri zuwa wasu garuruwa, ciki har da Leeds, Hull, Preston da Derby.London a baya.Duk da binciken da Dr John Snow ya yi wanda ya gano bullar cutar kwalara a Soho zuwa ruwa daga bututun Broad Street da kuma rashin kyawun yanayin tsafta da ya mayar da Thames kogin kazanta, wanda ya haifar da The Great Stink na 1858, kamfanonin ruwa masu zaman kansu guda tara na Landan sun kasance masu tsayin daka.Samuel Gurney MP, dan uwa ga mai fafutukar jin dadin jama'a Elizabeth Fry, ya dauki lamarin, tare da Barista Edward Wakefield.A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1859, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Ruwan Shaye-shaye na Kyauta na Metropolitan, kuma, bayan makonni biyu, sun buɗe maɓuɓɓugarsu na farko a bangon cocin St Sepulchre, a cikin Birnin London.Ruwa yana gudana daga farin harsashi na marmara zuwa cikin kwandon da aka saita a cikin ƙaramin baka.Wannan tsarin yana wanzuwa a yau, duk da cewa ba tare da jerin abubuwan da ke cikin na Romanesque ba.Ba da daɗewa ba mutane fiye da 7,000 ne ke amfani da shi a kullum. Irin waɗannan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sun yi haske idan aka kwatanta da manyan misalan da suka haifa.Duk da haka, kamar yaddaLabaran GininRuefully lura a 1866: 'Ya kasance wani nau'i na korafi a kan masu talla na wannan motsi cewa sun kafa mafi m maɓuɓɓuga wanda za a iya tsara, kuma lalle ne haƙĩƙa wasu daga cikin mafi pretentious bayyana a matsayin kananan kyau kamar maras tsada wadanda. 'Wannan matsala ce idan za su yi gasa da abin daJaridar Artda ake kira 'kyakkyawan kayan ado masu kyalkyali' wanda 'ko da mafi muni na gidajen jama'a ya cika'.Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ƙamus na fasaha wanda ke nuni da jigogi na ruwa da buga daidai bayanin daidaitaccen ɗabi'a an gauraya sosai.Labaran Gininya yi shakka kowa zai yi fatan 'ƙara lilies, amai zakoki, kuka, Musa ya bugi dutsen, kawuna marasa ƙarfi da tasoshin da ba su da kyau.Duk irin waɗannan ɓangarorin banza ne kawai kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma ya kamata a karaya.'Ƙididdiga na Gurney ya samar da littafin tsari, amma masu ba da gudummawa sukan fi son nada nasu gine-gine.Ƙwararrun maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha, wanda Angela Burdett-Coutts ta gina a Hackney's Victoria Park, ya kai kusan £6,000, adadin da zai iya biyan kusan nau'i nau'i 200.Masanin gine-ginen Burdett-Coutts da aka fi so, Henry Darbishire, ya haifar da alamar ƙasa wanda ya kai fiye da 58. Masana tarihi sun yi ƙoƙarin yin lakabin tsarin, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1862, ta hanyar taƙaita sassan sa na salo kamar Venetian / Moorish / Gothic / Renaissance, amma babu abin da ya kwatanta tsarinsa. fiye da epithet 'Victorian'.Ko da yake yana da ban mamaki don wuce gona da iri na gine-ginen da ya yi wa mazauna Gabashin Ƙarshen, shi ma yana tsaye a matsayin abin tarihi ga ɗanɗanonsa.Wani babban marmaro na London shine Buxton Memorial (Hoto 8), yanzu a cikin Lambunan Hasumiyar Victoria.Charles Buxton MP ne ya ba shi izini don yin bikin mahaifinsa a cikin Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833, Samuel Sanders Teulon ne ya tsara shi a 1865. Don guje wa kallon rufin gubar ko shimfidar slate, Teulon ya juya zuwa Skidmore Art Manufacture kuma Constructive Iron Co, wanda sabuwar dabararsa ta yi amfani da plaques na baƙin ƙarfe tare da ɗorawa mai tsayi don ba da inuwa da enamel mai jure acid don samar da launi. Tasirin kamar ganin shafi na Owen Jones's 1856 compendiumNahawun Adonannade a kusa da spire.Kwanonin dutse guda huɗu na maɓuɓɓugar da kanta suna zaune a cikin ƙaramin babban coci na sarari, ƙarƙashin wani ginshiƙi mai kauri mai kauri wanda ke karɓar maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zobe na waje na sanduna takwas na ginshiƙai.Matsakaicin matakin ginin, tsakanin arcade da steeple, an cika shi da kayan ado na mosaic da sassaƙaƙen dutse na Gothic daga taron bitar Thomas Earp.Bambance-bambance a kan Gothic ya zama sananne, saboda salon ya kasance na gaye kuma yana da alaƙa da kyautatawa Kirista.Yin la'akari da matsayin sabon wurin taron jama'a, wasu maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a hankali sun yi kama da ƙetaren kasuwanni na zamani tare da ƙwanƙwasa da ƙugiya, kamar yadda a Nailsworth a Gloucester-shire (1862), Great Torrington a Devon (1870) (Hoto 7) da Henley-on-thames a Oxfordshire (1885).A wani wuri kuma, an kawo Gothic mafi tsoka, wanda aka gani a cikin ratsan idovoussoirsna William Dyce's fountain na Streatham Green a London (1862) da Alderman Proctor's fountain akan Clifton Down a Bristol na George da Henry Godwin (1872).A Shrigley a Co Down, 1871 Martin memorial fountainHoto 5) matashin masanin Belfast Timothy Hevey ne ya tsara shi, wanda ya aiwatar da wayo daga arcade na octagonal zuwa hasumiyar agogo mai murabba'i tare da buttresses mai tashi na nama.Kamar yadda maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da yawa suka yi a cikin wannan karin magana, tsarin ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun hoto na sassaka, wanda yanzu ya lalace, yana wakiltar kyawawan halaye na Kirista.Maɓuɓɓugar Gothic hexagonal a Bolton Abbey (Hoto 4), wanda aka taso don tunawa da Ubangiji Frederick Cavendish a 1886, aikin gine-ginen Manchester ne T. Worthington da JG Elgood.A cewar hukumarLeeds Mercury, tana da 'fitaccen wuri a cikin shimfidar wuri, wanda ba wai kawai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan duwatsu masu daraja a rawanin Yorkshire ba, amma yana da ƙauna ga kowa saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan gwamnati wanda sunan abin da aka yi niyya don tunawa'.Fountain-Gothic ya tabbatar. kanta mai sassauƙan tushe don abubuwan tunawa da jama'a, ko da yake ya zama ruwan dare ga ƙananan misalan ƙawance don yin ishara da abubuwan tunawa da jana'iza.Salon farfaɗowa, gami da Na gargajiya, Tudor, Italiyanci da Norman, suma an haƙa su don yin wahayi.Za a iya ganin iyakar gine-gine ta hanyar kwatanta maɓuɓɓugar Philip Webb a Shoreditch a Gabashin London tare da maɓuɓɓugar James Forsyth a Dudley a West Midlands.Na farko ba sabon abu bane don an tsara shi azaman muhimmin sashi na babban aikin gini;na karshen shi ne mai yiwuwa babban misali a wajen London.Zane na Webb na 1861–63 wani yanki ne na filin gidajen masu sana'ar hannu akan Titin Ibada, aikin da ya dace da ƙa'idodin gurguzu.Kamar yadda ake tsammani daga majagaba na Ƙungiyar Sana'o'i da Sana'o'i, maɓuɓɓugar Webb ta kasance wani nau'i ne mai fa'ida wanda ya ke kusa da babban babban gyare-gyaren da ke sama da ginshiƙin polygonal.Babu kayan ado mara amfani.Sabanin haka, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsayi 27ft wanda Earl na Dudley ya ba da izini a cikin 1867 an ƙawata shi zuwa wani babban digiri na kusa, wanda ya dogara da wani buɗe ido.Masanin zane James Forsyth ya kara hasashen da'irar da'irar kowane gefe tare da fusatattun dolphins suna watsa ruwa a cikin wuraren kiwon shanu.Sama da waɗannan, rabin dawakai biyu da alama suna kora daga tsarin daga rufin dala wanda aka ɗaure tare da ƙungiyar misali mai wakiltar masana'antu.Hoton ya hada da festoons na 'ya'yan itace da kuma hotunan gunkin kogin da nymph na ruwa.Hotunan tarihi sun nuna wannan pomposity na Baroque an taɓa daidaita shi da fitilun simintin ƙarfe guda huɗu, waɗanda ba kawai ke tsara maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ba, amma sun kunna shi don shan dare. maɓuɓɓugar ruwa (Hoto 6).Daga farkon 1860s, Wills Brothers na Euston Road, London sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Coalbrookdale Iron Works a Shropshire don kafa suna don wasan kwaikwayo na bishara na fasaha.Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa waɗanda ke tsira a cikin Cardiff da Merthyr Tydfil (Hoto 2) Yesu ya nuna koyarwar nan ‘Dukan wanda ya sha daga cikin ruwan da zan ba shi, ba za ya taɓa jin ƙishirwa ba’.Coalbrookedale kuma ya jefa nasa zane-zane, kamar hadewar maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha da maɓuɓɓugar shanu da aka gina a Somerton a Somerset, don nuna alamar nadin sarautar Edward VII a 1902. Gidan Saracen Foundry na Walter Mac-farlane a Glasgow ya ba da nau'ikansa na musamman (Hoto 3) zuwa wurare masu nisa kamar Aberdeenshire da Isle of Wight.Ƙirar haƙƙin mallaka, wanda ya zo da girma dabam dabam, ya ƙunshi babban kwano na tsakiya a ƙarƙashin wani ruɗaɗɗen rufin ƙarfe tare da ruɗe-rufe da ke kan ginshiƙan ƙarfe siriri.TheJaridar ArtAn yi la'akari da tasirin gabaɗaya a matsayin 'maimakon Alhambresque' don haka ya dace da aikinsa, salon yana 'da alaƙa koyaushe a cikin hankali tare da busasshiyar sultry gabas, inda ruwan guguwa ya fi so fiye da ruwan inabi na Ruby'.Sauran ƙirar ƙarfe sun kasance mafi asali.A cikin 1877, Andrew Handyside da Co na Derby sun ba da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke kan Choragic Monument na Lysicrates a Athens zuwa cocin London na St Pancras.Strand ya riga ya sami maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai kama, wanda Wills Bros ya tsara kuma Robert Hanbury ya ba shi, wanda aka ƙaura zuwa Wimbledon a cikin 1904.